---
type: concept
tags: [parking, device, printer, transport, usb, escpos, provisioning]
sources: []
updated: 2026-09-09
status: settled
---

# Printer USB transport (kernel usblp, behind the ESC/POS layer)

The ESC/POS printer drivers ([[rongta-printer|rongta]], `cashino`) can deliver their byte stream
over **either a raw TCP socket (port 9100)** or a **local USB character device** (`/dev/usb/lp0`),
selected per device by `config.transport` (`"tcp-ip" | "usb"`). The original architecture always
intended one ESC/POS adapter to cover "USB **or** network" (parking-system-architecture §BOM); the
first implementation shipped TCP-only, and this closes that gap.

## The seam — render once, dispatch the transport

Every `render*()` function in `packages/devices/src/drivers/printer-escpos.ts` produces a
**transport-independent ESC/POS `Buffer`**. Only delivery differs. The transport is resolved **once**
per driver from config and every print/probe call site stays transport-blind:

- `transportFromConfig(config)` → a discriminated `Transport` (`{ kind: "tcp", host, port }` or
  `{ kind: "usb", devicePath }`). Anything other than `transport: "usb"` is TCP, so **existing
  host-only configs keep working unchanged** (no migration).
- `sendTo(t, payload, timeoutMs)` / `probeTo(t, timeoutMs)` dispatch to the TCP pair
  (`sendRaw`/`probe`) or the USB pair (`sendRawUsb`/`probeUsb`).

Adding a transport = one more arm in the dispatcher; **not a single rendered byte changes**. This is
why the CP852 map, the Code128/QR builders, roles/failover, and the receipt/ticket/voucher layouts
are all untouched by USB support.

## USB transport = the in-box `usblp` char device

A USB ESC/POS printer plugged into the appliance enumerates as a **character device** (e.g.
`/dev/usb/lp0`) via the kernel's in-box **`usblp`** driver. We just **open it `O_WRONLY` and write
the same bytes**:

- **No native dependency.** A plain `fs` write — no libusb, no CUPS, no native addon. This keeps the
  **MIT/Apache/BSD-only** dependency constraint and the **offline-first, minimal-deps appliance**
  posture (see [[technology-stack]], [[offline-first]]).
- **`usblp` is raw.** Unlike the TCP path there is **no FIN/half-close dance** (the graceful-close
  fix was a *TCP* concern — an early `destroy()` could RST-truncate the stream; see
  [[rongta-printer]]). A single open + write delivers the job; we always close the handle.
- **Bounded by a timeout.** A wedged USB printer can block the write (or the open) indefinitely; a
  stuck print must surface as a failure, not hang the entry flow. `withTimeout` rejects after
  `timeoutMs`.

## Status over USB — reachability only (honesty rule)

`probeUsb` is "does the char device exist and open writable" — the **USB analogue of the TCP connect
probe**. A present, openable `/dev/usb/lp0` means `usblp` bound a powered, enumerated printer.

- The `cashino` driver is reachability-only on **both** transports (it never had a status page).
- The `rongta` driver's rich `readStatus()` scrapes the board's **HTTP** `/prn_stat.htm` — a
  **network feature**. Over USB there is no such page, so `readStatus()` **degrades to the
  reachability floor** (ready/offline only, never a guessed paper/cover state). A USB Rongta is
  effectively a Cashino for monitoring. This preserves the standing honesty rule from
  [[printer-status-monitoring]]: never report a paper/cover verdict the transport can't actually sense.

## Threat model

The USB path is a **local character device** the booth operator (the threat model's adversary)
cannot reach over the network — narrower attack surface than the unauthenticated TCP print socket on
the VLAN. Printers are advisory output; nothing about the signed [[append-only-event-chain|ledger]]
or barrier control is touched.

## Provisioning dependency (NOT app code) — see open-questions #14

Driving a USB printer depends on the appliance image:
1. the **`usblp`** kernel module is loaded (it is in-box on Ubuntu 26.04; CUPS can claim the
   interface first — may need `usblp` to win, or CUPS masked for that device), and
2. a **udev rule** grants the server process write access to the node (e.g. a group on
   `/dev/usb/lp*`), since the appliance server does not run as root.

This is a [[appliance-provisioning]] concern, recorded as **open-questions #14** until the on-site
printer is confirmed USB and the rule is baked into the image and verified on hardware.

## Status

Built 2026-06-24 behind the existing render layer. `sendRawUsb`/`probeUsb`/`transportFromConfig`/
`sendTo`/`probeTo` in `printer-escpos.ts`; `cashino` + `rongta` resolve a `Transport` and dispatch.
The setup UI offers a **Connection** select (Network / USB) + a **USB device** path field (default
`/dev/usb/lp0`); host/port are not-required so a USB printer needs neither. Covered by
`printer-escpos.test.ts` (USB writes the exact rendered bytes; probe present/absent;
`transportFromConfig` TCP back-compat) and `printer-cashino.test.ts` (a USB-configured driver prints
to the node and reports ready/offline). The on-hardware confirmation + the udev/usblp provisioning
are pending (open-questions #14).

## Field bug — the NONBLOCK partial-write truncation (found + fixed 2026-07-06)

First on-hardware USB test (ICS XP-K200L, an ESC/POS clone): over TCP it printed + cut fine; over
USB it printed the ticket's TEXT but **no barcode and no cut**. Root cause was in OUR transport,
not the printer: `sendRawUsb` opened the node with `O_NONBLOCK` and issued ONE `write()` for the
whole job. On a non-blocking usblp fd the kernel accepts only what fits the printer's USB buffer
(~8 KB) and returns a **short write**; the old code never checked `bytesWritten`, closed the
handle, and silently dropped the tail — which is exactly where the barcode (mid-payload) and the
CUT (last bytes) live. Small jobs fit one buffer, hence "text prints fine". The regular-file test
stand-in can't short-write, so tests never caught it.

Fix: `writeAllUsb` — chunked loop (4 KB, safely under the usblp buffer) that continues after
partial writes, retries `EAGAIN`/zero-byte writes with a short pause, and fails at the caller's
deadline with a `(N/M bytes accepted)` diagnostic. Driven by fake-handle tests (short writes,
EAGAIN interleave, wedged-printer timeout, non-EAGAIN passthrough) since a real file can't
reproduce the char device's behaviour.

**Second truncation mode — close() cancels the in-flight transfer (lab bench, 2026-07-07).** The
chunked loop alone STILL truncated on hardware (test slip stopped mid-sentence, no feed, no cut —
"press the feed button to see the text"). Verified against `drivers/usb/class/usblp.c`: `write()`
returns at URB *submission* (not completion), only ONE write URB is in flight at a time (the next
write EAGAINs until it completes), and `usblp_release()` — i.e. our `close()` — **kills in-flight
URBs**. The printer drains bulk data at PRINT speed (tiny internal buffer on these clones), so
closing right after the last accepted write cancels the still-transferring tail — exactly where
the feed + `GS V` cut bytes live. Kernel-accepted ≠ printer-received.

Fix: the one-URB rule makes acceptance of write N a **completion certificate for write N−1**. So
`writeAllUsb` now writes the payload's FINAL BYTE alone: when that 1-byte write is accepted, every
byte before it is physically in the printer; a short drain pause (`USB_DRAIN_MS` 300 ms) covers
the lone final-byte packet, then close is safe. (usblp also implements `poll(POLLOUT)` as the true
completion signal, but Node cannot poll an arbitrary char-device fd without a native dep — the
hold-back + drain gets the same guarantee for all but the final byte, whose packet the printer
ACKs immediately after having just freed its buffer.)

**✅ HARDWARE-VERIFIED (lab bench, 2026-07-07):** with both fixes, the ICS XP-K200L over USB
prints the complete slip, feeds, and CUTS — parity with TCP. The USB transport is done.

**Device discovery (2026-07-07).** The kernel numbers usblp nodes by plug/boot order — park-buzi's
printer is `lp1`, and the admin had to shell in and `ls /dev/usb` to learn that. The wizard now
lists REAL printers: `GET /api/setup/usb-printers` enumerates `/dev/usb/lpN` (visible via the
compose bind-mount) and enriches each with the printer's self-reported make/model from sysfs
(`/sys/class/usbmisc/lpN/device/ieee1284_id` — readable through Docker's default ro `/sys`). The
devicePath field becomes a SELECT ("/dev/usb/lp1 — Xprinter XP-K200L") with a fresh form
preselecting the first present device; a saved-but-unplugged path stays selectable, flagged
"saved — not present now"; zero devices found falls back to the free-text path + a check-the-cable
hint. The transport option label no longer hardcodes lp0.

> **Superseded 2026-09-09:** the XP-K200L DOES serve a status page — the same table as the Rongta,
> at **`/prt_status.htm`**, without HTTP headers. It now has its own **`k200l`** driver (raw-socket
> fetch; LAN = live cover/paper status, USB = reachability floor). See [[k200l-printer]]. The note
> below is kept for the record.
>
> Driver-choice note for this clone: the ICS XP-K200L does NOT serve the Rongta `/prn_stat.htm`
> status page (checked on hardware at 10.0.10.11 — print socket 9100 open, status page absent),
> so on NETWORK the honest driver is **cashino** (reachability-only monitoring); under `rongta`
> the monitor would mark a perfectly working printer offline/degraded. Over USB the two drivers
> behave identically (reachability floor), so either works post-fix. See [[rongta-printer]].

## Field bug — cover-open re-enumeration wedges the container's `/dev/usb` view; only `docker restart`, not a host reboot, clears it (investigated 2026-08-30, unconfirmed root cause)

**Symptom (park-buzi, unknown/"Generic" USB printer, model not yet identified — see below):** every
time the booth operator opens the printer's paper-roll cover to reload paper, the printer's status
goes `offline`/faulty in the app and **never self-recovers** — not after the cover closes, not after
a full appliance reboot. The only fix found so far is SSH in and `docker restart server`.

**Ruled out at the application layer.** Traced `sendRawUsb`/`probeUsb` in `printer-escpos.ts`: every
print AND every poll tick (`device-monitor.ts` 8s / `printer-monitor.ts` 5s) does a fresh
`open()` → write/probe → `close()` against the configured `devicePath`. **No fd, socket, or driver
instance is held across calls** — `driver.create(config)` is a throwaway object with no persistent
handle. So a naive "stale Node file descriptor" explanation does not fit this codebase; the
app-layer retry-by-fresh-open-every-poll should self-heal within one poll cycle if the kernel's view
of the device node is current.

**Leading hypothesis: the container's bind-mount of `/dev/usb`, not the Node process, holds the
stale state.** Docker Compose wires the printer in as a **directory bind-mount**
(`docker-compose.prod.yml`, `volumes: - /dev/usb:/dev/usb`), chosen deliberately (per its own
comment) so the app survives the printer renumbering to a different `lpN`. But many USB thermal
printers cut power to their own USB interface board when the cover-open microswitch trips (a
hardware safety/power feature, not just a status flag) — the printer drops off the bus and
re-enumerates, potentially as a new device node, when the cover closes. The **host** kernel picks
this up fine; the **container's mount namespace**, once established, is a known Docker/OverlayFS
sharp edge for `/dev` subtree bind-mounts — it can keep resolving the old node until the mount
itself is redone.

- `docker restart server` recreates the container's mount namespace → the `/dev/usb` bind-mount is
  redone against current host state → the new node is picked up → fixed.
- A full host reboot restarts the container too (`restart: always`), but as a boot-time race: if the
  container starts before the USB subsystem finishes settling, or the printer re-enumerated some
  time *before* the reboot and Docker doesn't necessarily redo an already-satisfied bind-mount
  target on a policy-driven restart, the container can come back up still bound to the pre-incident
  view. This matches the exact reported asymmetry (reboot doesn't fix it; explicit restart does).

> **Bench result 2026-09-09 — the re-enumeration hypothesis is FALSIFIED for this unit.** The
> failing printer (`1fc9:2016` "POS-80", now on the dev bench, attached to WSL via usbipd) was
> cover-cycled while `dmesg -w` and `lsusb` were watched: **nothing** — no disconnect, no
> re-enumeration, same bus/device number (a real drop would have shown as a vhci detach, since
> Windows sees the bus first). So the device node does NOT change when the cover opens, and the
> container `/dev/usb` bind-mount cannot be going stale for that reason. The failure is in how
> `usblp` / the app's open-probe reacts to the printer's **error state** (cover-open status),
> not in the device node. Next discriminator is the **exact `detail` text** the monitor logged
> on park-buzi at the offline transition (`docker logs <stack>-server-1 | grep
> 'device-monitor:.*-> offline'`): `EBUSY` = a handle is held inside the server process (usblp
> allows ONE opener — candidate: the `withTimeout` open-leak or a close that never returned;
> fits "docker restart fixes"), `usb open timeout` = `open()` itself blocks in the kernel, `EIO`
> = `usblp_open`'s bidirectional read submit failed (printer endpoint state). The theory below
> is kept for the record.

> **Lab reproduction FAILED to reproduce (2026-09-09, later the same day).** The same printer
> unit on the `park-lab` box (a real Linux host, the booth's exact image `stage-2d9bb15`, the
> prod compose with the `/dev/usb` bind-mount, the dev DB snapshot with the USB printer added as
> `booth-receipt`, cards printed via the subscription "Reprint card" path): paper out → open
> cover → load roll → close cover → reprint — **no error, status never stuck offline.** So the
> printer, the app's USB transport and the compose wiring are cleared in isolation. What is left
> is park-buzi's own environment (kernel/USB stack, the physical USB port/hub/cable/power at the
> booth) and/or that container's *history* (weeks of uptime before the first failure — a leaked
> handle needs a prior timeout to exist; a fresh container has none).
>
> **Status: park-buzi closed (staff shortage), everything shut down — evidence pending.** The
> evidence is on the booth's DISK and survives shutdown/reboot: Docker keeps the container log
> under `/var/lib/docker/containers/<id>/`, the kernel journal is persistent. **The day the box
> powers on again (or lands on the bench), pull these FIRST, before deploying anything:**
>
> ```bash
> # 1. the app's own record: the exact error text at every offline/ready transition
> docker logs park-buzi-server-1 2>&1 | grep -E "device-monitor:.*printer.*-> (offline|ready)"
> # 2. what the HOST kernel saw around those times (usblp errors, resets, disconnects)
> sudo journalctl -k --since "-30 days" | grep -i -E "usblp|usb 1-|usb 2-|disconnect|reset"
> # 3. the physical path: hub or direct port? (and note which PSU feeds the printer)
> lsusb -t
> ```
>
> Reading (1): `EBUSY` = a handle stuck inside the server process (usblp allows ONE opener;
> fits "container restart fixes it") → look at the `withTimeout` leak below; `usb open timeout`
> = `open()` blocks in the kernel; `EIO` = `usblp_open`'s bidirectional read submit failed
> (printer/link state). Reading (2): any `USB disconnect` / `reset` / `usblp1: removed` at the
> transition times means the LINK dropped at the booth (cable/port/hub/power) even though the
> unit never dropped on the bench.
>
> **Follow-ups that need no booth (proposed, not built):** (a) `withTimeout` in
> `printer-escpos.ts` abandons the FileHandle when an open/write times out — close it when the
> underlying promise eventually settles, so a timeout can never leave the node held; (b) make
> the monitor self-document the next occurrence: after N consecutive offline polls on a USB
> printer, log the errno, `ls -la /dev/usb`, and who holds the node, so the next failure anywhere
> in the fleet carries its own diagnosis without a person at the booth.

**Not confirmed on hardware — and now contradicted by the bench (above).** The original plan to
confirm at the next occurrence, BEFORE restarting anything:
```bash
# host:
ls -la /dev/usb/ && stat /dev/usb/lp1
# container:
docker exec server ls -la /dev/usb/ && docker exec server stat /dev/usb/lp1
```
A major:minor or inode mismatch between host and container is the smoking gun. Also worth
capturing on the lab RONGTA (different printer, but same cover-open mechanism is plausible):
`watch -n1 lsusb` + `sudo dmesg -w | grep -i -E 'usb|disconnect'` while cycling the cover, to see
whether the Bus/Device number changes.

**Candidate fixes, not yet implemented** (ranked cheapest-to-most-invasive):
1. A host-side watchdog/udev rule that detects re-enumeration of this printer (match vendor:product
   ID) and runs `docker restart server` automatically — turns the manual SSH fix into a self-healing
   one without touching app code.
2. Same idea but event-driven via a udev rule or systemd path unit watching `/dev/usb`, rather than
   polling.
3. Switch the compose device wiring from the directory bind-mount to a specific `--device=` cgroup
   passthrough + a udev rule pinning a stable symlink name — reintroduces the renumbering fragility
   the directory bind-mount was chosen to avoid, so only worth doing alongside (1)/(2), not instead.

**Printer identity — IDENTIFIED 2026-09-09.** The failing unit is on the dev bench: a **K200L**
(Xprinter/ICS XP-K200L family — see [[k200l-printer]] for the LAN setup and its status page): USB
`1fc9:2016`, product string **"Printer POS-80"** (0x1fc9 = NXP, the printer's USB controller chip;
"POS-80" is the generic 80 mm ESC/POS designation — no brand in the descriptor, which is why the app
shows "Generic"). Seen via `usbipd list` on the Windows host (busid 8-1). **Dev-bench caveat:** the
stock Microsoft WSL2 kernel (6.6.87.2) has `CONFIG_USB_PRINTER` **not set** — usbip/vhci is there,
so the printer can be attached and seen by `lsusb`, but no `usblp` → no `/dev/usb/lpN` → the app's
USB transport and the container's `/dev/usb` bind-mount cannot be exercised without a custom WSL
kernel (`.wslconfig` `kernel=`) built with `CONFIG_USB_PRINTER=y`. Also, through usbip the
cover-open disconnect is seen by *Windows* first (usbipd detaches; `--auto-attach` re-exports), so
the bench only shows *whether* the device drops off the bus, not the host-kernel/container
staleness itself. Previously: the park-buzi unit showed as "Generic (unknown)" in the app; not
identified by vendor/product ID. Lab reproduction uses a **RONGTA** unit instead (not
the same hardware), so the lab cannot currently reproduce the park-buzi symptom directly — only
validate the general re-enumeration mechanism. Commands to identify the real park-buzi printer next
time it's reachable via SSH: `lsusb`, `udevadm info -q property -n /dev/usb/lp1`, `udevadm info -a
-n /dev/usb/lp1`. This mirrors the same discovery gap already noted above under "Device discovery"
(sysfs `ieee1284_id` enrichment) — once identified, fold the model into that mechanism's coverage.

Related: [[rongta-printer]], [[printer-status-monitoring]], [[printer-roles-failover]],
[[appliance-provisioning]], [[network-isolation]], [[technology-stack]].